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	<title>Comments on: A Primer On Fractional Reserve Banking</title>
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	<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/</link>
	<description>Macro Perspective on the Capital Markets, Economy, Geopolitics, Technology, and Digital Media</description>
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		<title>By: DavidB</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131316</link>
		<dc:creator>DavidB</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Dec 2008 07:22:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131316</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;And those were 1950’s dollars…&lt;/i&gt;

Interesting phrase isn&#039;t it. If we could just teach kids why that phrase is so bad for them we&#039;d be a lot better off

&lt;i&gt;Without reserve requirements, can one even talk about fractional reserve banking? It’s more like no-reserve banking.&lt;/i&gt;

It really is. Many countries have already gone to that. FR banking is just a pretense now. Since the CBs of the world will replace by printing all deposits up to X amount(and now most recently the full amount) depending on the country, they don&#039;t even need to bother with reserves any more. They can lend to their heart&#039;s content making winners and losers by jacking the interest rate this way or that. Only a borrowers revolt can end it now</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>And those were 1950’s dollars…</i></p>
<p>Interesting phrase isn&#8217;t it. If we could just teach kids why that phrase is so bad for them we&#8217;d be a lot better off</p>
<p><i>Without reserve requirements, can one even talk about fractional reserve banking? It’s more like no-reserve banking.</i></p>
<p>It really is. Many countries have already gone to that. FR banking is just a pretense now. Since the CBs of the world will replace by printing all deposits up to X amount(and now most recently the full amount) depending on the country, they don&#8217;t even need to bother with reserves any more. They can lend to their heart&#8217;s content making winners and losers by jacking the interest rate this way or that. Only a borrowers revolt can end it now</p>
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		<title>By: reiska</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131299</link>
		<dc:creator>reiska</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Dec 2008 01:14:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131299</guid>
		<description>The saddest part is that the quite reasonable requirement of 50% reserves has been reduced over the years to practically nothing. 10% on demand deposits, after retail sweeps.

50% reserves would mean that on average every dollar could be lent out about once. Nowadays every dollar is lent out way more than ten times.

It is quite sobering that earlier this year, bank reserves were actually quite a lot less than those $249,000,000,000 mentioned in the exchange. And those were 1950&#039;s dollars...

Without reserve requirements, can one even talk about fractional reserve banking? It&#039;s more like no-reserve banking. And without binding reserve requirements, the Fed is indeed pushing on a string.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The saddest part is that the quite reasonable requirement of 50% reserves has been reduced over the years to practically nothing. 10% on demand deposits, after retail sweeps.</p>
<p>50% reserves would mean that on average every dollar could be lent out about once. Nowadays every dollar is lent out way more than ten times.</p>
<p>It is quite sobering that earlier this year, bank reserves were actually quite a lot less than those $249,000,000,000 mentioned in the exchange. And those were 1950&#8217;s dollars&#8230;</p>
<p>Without reserve requirements, can one even talk about fractional reserve banking? It&#8217;s more like no-reserve banking. And without binding reserve requirements, the Fed is indeed pushing on a string.</p>
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		<title>By: Mannwich</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131284</link>
		<dc:creator>Mannwich</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Dec 2008 22:43:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131284</guid>
		<description>@danm:  I agree with you.  Case in point:  retail.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@danm:  I agree with you.  Case in point:  retail.</p>
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		<title>By: danm</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131226</link>
		<dc:creator>danm</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Dec 2008 17:00:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131226</guid>
		<description>Mannwich:

Never underestimate the power of shrinking rates.  Since 1982, companies have been able to file under Bankruptcy portection and recapitalize.  And someone could always buy them up with lower rates.

With today&#039;s credit spreads, I&#039;m willing to bet that we are going to witness in the coming quarters a load of outright liquidations, something we have not witnessed in many decades.  Unless of course, government starts controlling credit spreads in every industry!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Mannwich:</p>
<p>Never underestimate the power of shrinking rates.  Since 1982, companies have been able to file under Bankruptcy portection and recapitalize.  And someone could always buy them up with lower rates.</p>
<p>With today&#8217;s credit spreads, I&#8217;m willing to bet that we are going to witness in the coming quarters a load of outright liquidations, something we have not witnessed in many decades.  Unless of course, government starts controlling credit spreads in every industry!</p>
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		<title>By: Mannwich</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131223</link>
		<dc:creator>Mannwich</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Dec 2008 16:50:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131223</guid>
		<description>@constantnormal:  I agree with your point but I&#039;ve always been surprised (and even shocked) at just how long a company can muddle along (and even appear to be doing well.....in today&#039;s world &quot;appearance&quot; is sadly all that matters anyway) with some really terrible, incompetent management and leadership.  In fact, I used to remark all the time that I was amazed at just how  many companies can appear to be successful &quot;in spite of themselves&quot;.  The thing is, it usually takes a long time for a big, established company to destroy itself but with bad enough management over a long period of time, it almost always happens eventually.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>@constantnormal:  I agree with your point but I&#8217;ve always been surprised (and even shocked) at just how long a company can muddle along (and even appear to be doing well&#8230;..in today&#8217;s world &#8220;appearance&#8221; is sadly all that matters anyway) with some really terrible, incompetent management and leadership.  In fact, I used to remark all the time that I was amazed at just how  many companies can appear to be successful &#8220;in spite of themselves&#8221;.  The thing is, it usually takes a long time for a big, established company to destroy itself but with bad enough management over a long period of time, it almost always happens eventually.</p>
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		<title>By: DavidB</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131199</link>
		<dc:creator>DavidB</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Dec 2008 15:23:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131199</guid>
		<description>Exactly Danm,

Everybody thinks that they can borrow and not add to the problem because they have the power to pay back the loan. The problem is that it drives up the cost for everything and the pool of money it creates helps the banks to hire the smartest sales and money men in the room who turn around and loan money to the less smart and those who need their money managed just to keep up. At some point(like about 35 years ago) you can no longer own a major asset like a business or a house(or a .....chuckle, chuckle.....car or a........*cough*......cell phone....*wheeze*....pair of underpants....*CHOKE*.....AIR!) without taking on the banker as your partner and it leads the whole economy into debt bondage. At that point the bankers then decide how that economy is shaped. They decide who wins and who loses. How it grows, when it grows and when it contracts. Eventually the banking system owns and controls the very government itself when it is supposed to be the other way around. By the time these smart borrower&#039;s(that is an oxymoron) kids and grandkids enter the stage they are bondslaves who work for companies that can only afford to pay them poverty wages

......and that my friends is why you call people like Greenspan and Bernanke the Emperor and not George Bush

I&#039;m dead</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Exactly Danm,</p>
<p>Everybody thinks that they can borrow and not add to the problem because they have the power to pay back the loan. The problem is that it drives up the cost for everything and the pool of money it creates helps the banks to hire the smartest sales and money men in the room who turn around and loan money to the less smart and those who need their money managed just to keep up. At some point(like about 35 years ago) you can no longer own a major asset like a business or a house(or a &#8230;..chuckle, chuckle&#8230;..car or a&#8230;&#8230;..*cough*&#8230;&#8230;cell phone&#8230;.*wheeze*&#8230;.pair of underpants&#8230;.*CHOKE*&#8230;..AIR!) without taking on the banker as your partner and it leads the whole economy into debt bondage. At that point the bankers then decide how that economy is shaped. They decide who wins and who loses. How it grows, when it grows and when it contracts. Eventually the banking system owns and controls the very government itself when it is supposed to be the other way around. By the time these smart borrower&#8217;s(that is an oxymoron) kids and grandkids enter the stage they are bondslaves who work for companies that can only afford to pay them poverty wages</p>
<p>&#8230;&#8230;and that my friends is why you call people like Greenspan and Bernanke the Emperor and not George Bush</p>
<p>I&#8217;m dead</p>
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		<title>By: danm</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131162</link>
		<dc:creator>danm</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Dec 2008 13:29:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131162</guid>
		<description>Let&#039;s get back to basics in North Amercia.  When colonists first settled, we got barter.  This bartering got annoying so they went to writing IOUs.  As they traveled farther and farther away from known people, they needed IOUs that everyone would recognize, that&#039;s when a national currency was needed.

So basically, the central bank&#039;s initial role was to replace these IOUs (by increasing money supply according to business growth) and to create a currency that everyone would recognize and trust.  These functions obviously don&#039;t command very big margins!  Since they are sleeping with the governement, any foresight could have easily told us that they would do everything in their power to increase these margins.

So we went from an industry that greases the wheels of the economy to being the wheel itself.

But they don&#039;t produce anything, they just find new ways of repackaging debt and take a huge cut from the population&#039;s labor.  And if people truly had to work hard for their money, they wouldn&#039;t have let this happen.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Let&#8217;s get back to basics in North Amercia.  When colonists first settled, we got barter.  This bartering got annoying so they went to writing IOUs.  As they traveled farther and farther away from known people, they needed IOUs that everyone would recognize, that&#8217;s when a national currency was needed.</p>
<p>So basically, the central bank&#8217;s initial role was to replace these IOUs (by increasing money supply according to business growth) and to create a currency that everyone would recognize and trust.  These functions obviously don&#8217;t command very big margins!  Since they are sleeping with the governement, any foresight could have easily told us that they would do everything in their power to increase these margins.</p>
<p>So we went from an industry that greases the wheels of the economy to being the wheel itself.</p>
<p>But they don&#8217;t produce anything, they just find new ways of repackaging debt and take a huge cut from the population&#8217;s labor.  And if people truly had to work hard for their money, they wouldn&#8217;t have let this happen.</p>
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		<title>By: DavidB</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131149</link>
		<dc:creator>DavidB</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Dec 2008 09:13:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131149</guid>
		<description>NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!

Fractional reserve banking:

Q: What did you do with my &#039;liability&#039;

A: We lent the money out

Q: Where did the money go?

A: The bank wrote a check for the value of a loan so that the borrower can pay the seller

Q: What happened to the check

A: It was given to the borrower who gave it to the seller of the good who then deposited it back into our bank. It then became our liability from which we can make more loans

Q: WHAT! Are you saying that my money liability was deposited into your bank by a seller that got paid from someone you loaned my money to....and that is now &lt;i&gt;another&lt;/i&gt; liability on your books?

A: Yes....of course.

Q: &lt;b&gt;WHAT!!&lt;/b&gt; What if both I and the other person demand our deposits of the same liability?

A: That is the Treasury&#039;s problem not ours. They are required to print dollars to cover all the legal checks(and we assure you, the central bank considers that deposited check legal) we make in loaning money into existence and that are thus deposited into our accounts. They are not the same liability, they are now &lt;i&gt;two&lt;/i&gt; liabilities. Loaning the money created a new liability for the banking system on which the borrower now has to pay interest and the treasury has to print dollars for if the deposit is demanded

At this point(usually): BRAIN FRY</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!</p>
<p>Fractional reserve banking:</p>
<p>Q: What did you do with my &#8216;liability&#8217;</p>
<p>A: We lent the money out</p>
<p>Q: Where did the money go?</p>
<p>A: The bank wrote a check for the value of a loan so that the borrower can pay the seller</p>
<p>Q: What happened to the check</p>
<p>A: It was given to the borrower who gave it to the seller of the good who then deposited it back into our bank. It then became our liability from which we can make more loans</p>
<p>Q: WHAT! Are you saying that my money liability was deposited into your bank by a seller that got paid from someone you loaned my money to&#8230;.and that is now <i>another</i> liability on your books?</p>
<p>A: Yes&#8230;.of course.</p>
<p>Q: <b>WHAT!!</b> What if both I and the other person demand our deposits of the same liability?</p>
<p>A: That is the Treasury&#8217;s problem not ours. They are required to print dollars to cover all the legal checks(and we assure you, the central bank considers that deposited check legal) we make in loaning money into existence and that are thus deposited into our accounts. They are not the same liability, they are now <i>two</i> liabilities. Loaning the money created a new liability for the banking system on which the borrower now has to pay interest and the treasury has to print dollars for if the deposit is demanded</p>
<p>At this point(usually): BRAIN FRY</p>
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		<title>By: constantnormal</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131147</link>
		<dc:creator>constantnormal</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Dec 2008 05:36:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131147</guid>
		<description>The Merrill eulogy was great, and serves to remind me that a company can survive just about anything, except bad management.

With that in mind, contemplate the number of companies that manage to last more than a few human lifetimes. 

Promoting or hiring those who are not worthy into senior management positions is the kiss of death.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Merrill eulogy was great, and serves to remind me that a company can survive just about anything, except bad management.</p>
<p>With that in mind, contemplate the number of companies that manage to last more than a few human lifetimes. </p>
<p>Promoting or hiring those who are not worthy into senior management positions is the kiss of death.</p>
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		<title>By: KJ Foehr</title>
		<link>http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2008/12/a-primer-on-fractional-reserve-banking/comment-page-1/#comment-131144</link>
		<dc:creator>KJ Foehr</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Dec 2008 03:54:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/?p=11052#comment-131144</guid>
		<description>Re: automaker bailout news.

Will $15B be enough to move the market higher next week? It may be a bit of a disappointment.

I hope there is follow through buying Monday morning.  If there is, I don’t think I am going to be able to resist reloading at least some “shorts”.  SRS, SKF, TWM, EEV, and SCC are looking very succulent again.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Re: automaker bailout news.</p>
<p>Will $15B be enough to move the market higher next week? It may be a bit of a disappointment.</p>
<p>I hope there is follow through buying Monday morning.  If there is, I don’t think I am going to be able to resist reloading at least some “shorts”.  SRS, SKF, TWM, EEV, and SCC are looking very succulent again.</p>
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